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What is difference between IR sensor and ultrasonic sensor?
IR sensor
It consist of a IR led as a transmitter via which a infrared light is emitted (which comes before the visible spectrum) and as a receiver either a photodiode or a TSOP is used to detect the light.

IR sensor has various application's such as
1.Line follower bot where it is used to differentiate between the black line and white line as the intensity of reflected light from the surface changes according to the color of line.
2. TV remote or set top box remote,
Here IR led is used with TSOP where IR led is present inside the remote and TSOP is present in TV and Set top box . Here data corresponding to each button on the remote is transmitted using RC-5 or RC-6 protocol at 38 kz frequency and on receiver side TSOP is used to receive the data which is interfaced with the preprogramed microcontroller.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Ultrasonic sensor is generally used to measure the distance of a object using sound waves it consist of a transmitter and receiver pair a transmitter transmit the sound wave at particular frequency and the reflected wave from the object is received by the receiver. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the ultrasonic sensor and the object. In order to calculate the distance we use following formula.
Distance ={ (speed of sound in medium) * (time taken)}/2.
HC-SR04 is the Most popular ultrasonic sensor among hobbyists.

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Very good effort..
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